MA RD Syllabus 2072 Nepal

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences

Central Department of Rural Development

MA in Rural Development

First Year

Course of Study, Revised Version, 2065 (2009)

Code No. Title Full Marks
RD 511 Development Theories and Planning (in Rural Perspective) 100
RD 512(A) Rural Development - Policies and Strategies 50
RD 512(B) Rural - Urban Linkage in Rural Development 50
RD 513 Local Governance and Political Economy of Nepal 100
RD 514 Social and Cultural Dimensions in Rural Development 100
RD 515 Research Methodology and Statistical Methods 100

RD 511

Development Theories & Planning

(in Rural Perspective)

Course Objective:

The main objective of the course is to make the students acquaint with theories of development and planning by focusing on rural development and make them familiar with rural development issues.

Full Marks: 100

Teaching Hours: 150

Units

  1. Development and Growth 15
    1. Concept of Rural Development in changing context
    2. Elements of Rural Development
    3. Growth versus Development and Equity versus Growth
    4. Characteristics & Constraints of Developing Economies with reference to SAARC Countries
  2. Development Theories 50
    1. Critical Analysis of Development Theories
      1. Schultz’s Theory of Transformation of Traditional Agriculture
      2. Balanced versus Unbalanced Growth
      3. Theory of Growth with Unlimited Supply of Labor
      4. Concept of Modernization (Smelser and Redfiled)
      5. Dependency Theory (Baran and Frank)
      6. Towards New Development Theories (Rural Approaches)
        1. People Centered Development
        2. Human Development Approach
        3. New Growth Approach
    2. Economic Determinants of Development in Rural Context (with reference to Nepal)
  3. Issues in Rural Development 20
    1. Poverty and Inequality – Concept, Measurement and Dimensions
    2. Unemployment – Issues and Dimensions
    3. Health and Education of Rural Population
    4. Population and Development (Interrelationships)
  4. Planning 50
    1. Concept and Characteristics of Planning
    2. Planning in Capitalist, Socialist and Mixed Economies
    3. Types of Planning
      1. Planning by Direction and Planning by Inducement
      2. Long Run and short Run Planning
      3. Regional Planning
      4. Local Development Planning
    4. Growth Pole and Growth Center Approach in Planning
    5. Concept of Capital Output Ratio
    6. Choice of Techniques in Planning
    7. Overview of Planning in SAARC Countries with special emphasis to Nepal
  5. Rural Project Management 15
    1. Project Planning
    2. Project Cycle and Project Screening
    3. Implementation, Monitoring & Evaluation of Rural Projects

References

Blackely, E. J., & Ted, K. B. (2003). Planning Local Economic Development: Theory & Practice. New Delhi: Vistar Publication. Chambers, R. (1997). Whose Reality Counts. London: ITDG Publishers.

Csaki , C. (2003). Reach in the Rural Poor: A Renewed Strategy for Rural Development. Washington: World bank.

Dale, R. (2004). Development Planning. London: Zed Books.

Haq. Mahbul, U. (1976). The Poverty Curtain: Choices for the Third World. New York: Columbia Press.

Laxmi, Devi. (Ed.). (1997). Strategic Planning for Rural Development. New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Lekhi, R.K. (2008). Economic Development and Planning. New Delhi: Kalyani Publisher.

Mathema, K. R. B.. (2008). Economics of Development . Kirtipur: New HIra Books Enterprises.

Nepal, G. (2006). Development Planning in the Era of Globalization. Kathmandu: Himalayan Book Store.

Pandel, M. M. (1986). Drive Against Poverty. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Seddon, D. (1998). Nepal: A State of Poverty. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Stern , N. (2002). A Strategy for Development. Washington: World Bank.

Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2003). Economic Development. Delhi: Pearson Education Asia.

UNDP (Various Publications)

UNDP. (2004). Nepal Human Development Report. Kathmandu: UNDP.

UNDIO. Guide to Practical Project Appraisal , Benefit Cost Analysis in Developing Countries. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Company.

World Bank. World Development Report. (Various Report)

RD 512 (A)

Rural Development – Policies and Strategies

Course Objectives:

The main objective of this course is to provide students the overview of pace and policies of rural development and analyze the lessons learned from Nepal’s experience with various rural development programmes and projects.

Full Marks: 50

Teaching Hours: 75

Units

  1. Introduction 10
    1. Introduction to Development Policy
    2. Need for Rural Development Policy
    3. Goals for Rural Development Policy
    4. Methods, Process, Techniques and Stages of Policy Formulation (with special reference to Nepal)
    5. Models of Policy Formulation
    6. Rural Development Polices in Nepal
  2. Policy Instruments for rural Development 7
    1. Concepts, Types and Importance of Policy Instrument
    2. Issues and Choices of Policy Instrument: Incentive Structures, Marketing, Input Supply, Technology, Land Reform, Credit, Extension and Training
    3. Process of Rural Transformation and Major Intervention Areas for Rural Development
  3. Strategies for Rural Development 10
    1. Meaning, Needs and Types of Strategies
    2. Strategy Formulation for Development
    3. Constraints on the Choice of Strategies
    4. The Implications of Strategy
  4. Targets and Target Setting 4
    1. Concept of Target and Target Setting
    2. Approaches to Targeting And Target Setting
    3. Cost and Benefits in Target Setting
    4. Targets and Actions on Major Social Issues
  5. Financial management of Rural Development 10
    1. Meaning and Functions of Finance and Management
    2. Financial Management and Accounting
    3. Sources of Rural Finance (with particular reference to Nepal)
    4. Role of Foreign Aid and Investment
    5. Financial Practices of VDC and DDC in Nepal
    6. Formulation of Budget
  6. Awareness and Needs of Development Programmes 10
    1. Need of Development in Rural Areas
    2. Concept of Opportunity and Constraints of Development Programmes
    3. Identification of Rural Problems and Prioritization of Programmes and Project
    4. Development Agencies and Programmes
    5. Participation of Stakeholders in Rural Development
  7. Approaches of Rural Development with Special Reference to Nepal 10
    1. Basic Needs Approach
    2. Integrated Rural Development Approach (Rahovot Approach)
    3. Area Development Approach
    4. Growth Centre Approach
    5. Concept of PRSP and MDGs
  8. Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development Policies 10
    1. Concept of Poverty
    2. Poverty Alleviation Policies in Nepal (with reference to current National Plan)
    3. Poverty Alleviation Measures in SAARC Countries (with special reference to Nepal)
    4. Relation of Rural Development Policy and Poverty Alleviation
  9. A Case Study of Successful Rural Development Programme 4

References

Baral, J. R., & Koirala, K. (1989). Integrated Rural Development : Nepal. India: CIRDAP/Sterling Publishers Private Limited.

Dale, R. (2000). Organization and Development: Strategies Structures and Processes. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology.

Desai, V. (1988). Rural Development. Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House.

Edward, C. B. (2000). Evaluating Development Aid: Issues, Problems and Solutions. New Delhi: Sage Publications.

Fisher, T., & Sri Ram, M. S. (2002). Beyond Micro – Credit: Putting Development Bank into Micro – Finance. India: Vistar Publications.

Heinz, B., & Dahal, D. R. (1996). Development Studies, Self – Help Organization, NGOs and Civil Society. Kathmandu: NEFAS/FES.

Jain, S. C. Rural Development: Institutions and Strategies. Jaipur: Rawal Publication.

Karmarkar, K. G. (1999). Rural Credit and Self – Help Groups: Micro – Finance Needs and Concepts in India. Mumbai: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.

Kunwar, K. B. (2003). The Himalayan Poverty. Kathmandu: Meena Prakashan.

Kunwar, K. B. (2006). Rural Development in Developing Countries. Kathmandu: Meena Prakashan.

Mathema, K. B. (2001). Strategies for Rural Development in Nepal: Some Observations, Some Thoughts. Kathmandu.

Moseley, M. (2003). Rural Development: Principles and Practice. University of Gloucestershire.

Pradhan, B. B. (1985). Integrated Rural Development Projects in Nepal: A Review. Occasional Paper No.2 . Kathmandu: ICIMOD.

Singh, K. (1999). Rural Development, Principles, Policies and Management. New Delhi: Sage Publication.

Singh, R.,10 & K. Debal. (2001). Social Development and the Empowerment of Marginalized Group, Perspectives and Strategies. New Delhi: Sage Publication.

Smith, D. H. (2000). Grassroots Association. New Delhi: Sage Publication.

Uphoff . N. T. (ed.). (1983). Rural Development and Local Organization in Asias: South East Asia. New Delhi: Macmillan.

RD 512 (B)

Rural – Urban Linkage in Rural Development

Course Objectives:

The course aims to impart knowledge to students on contemporary issues on rural – urban relation, important models, techniques, problems and prospects of rural urban integrated development, policy and strategies of rural urban linkages in rural development.

Full Marks: 50

Teaching Hours: 75

Units

  1. Concept and Issues in Rural Urban Relation 6
    1. Concept, Urban, Rural (hinterland) and their Linkage in Rural Development , Flow, Interaction or Relation
    2. Urban Rural Setting, Settlement Types such as Dispersed and Agglomerated and their Planning Implication
    3. Issues in Urban Rural Linkage: Definition of Urban/Rural, Distinction, Dichotomy, Continuum and urban hierarchy
  2. Changing Relationship between Rural and Urban Areas 5
    1. Theories of Evolution of Early Town
    2. Historical Expose of Changing Relationship of Town and Country of the World
    3. Change and Development in Rural Urban Relation in Nepal
  3. Typology of Urban Rural Linkage 4
    1. Types of Rural Urban Linkages
    2. Constraints in Urban Rural Linkages in Developing Countries
  4. Theoretical Framework of Urban Rural Relations 15
    1. Central Place Theory (Christaller and Losch)
    2. Gateway Model
    3. Urban Land Use Model (Von Thunen)
    4. Core – Periphery Linkage Model
    5. Spatial Development Models (Growth Pole/Center, Aggropolitan Model, UFRD Model, Service Center Approach, Market Center Approach)
    6. Rural Urban Migration Theory (Todaro’s Model)
  5. Technique/Measures of Urban – Rural Linkage 25
    1. Urban Center Measure – identification or urban/growth centers and their spatial distribution – criteria of identification, density and distribution measures and centrality measures (Scalogram, infrastructure index, functional measures, weighted indices and economic base)
    2. Hinterland Measure – Expected (natural, administrative and graphic – Thiessen Polygon and Breaking Point Theory), and actual – origin and destination survey and mapping.
    3. Urban Rural Linkage Measures – Spatial Interaction, Flow Model, Facility Location Measures, Relative Measures of Service Accessibility.
  6. Urban Rural Transfer Mechanisms 10
    1. Rural – Urban Transformation Spatial Model
    2. Spatial Diffusion of Innovation Model (T. Hagerstrand)
    3. Micro – Economic Enterprises, Informal Sector and Local Resource Use
  7. Rural Urban Integrated Approach to Rural Development and Strategies 5
    1. Integrated Rural Urban Linkage Planning
    2. Problems and Prospects Analysis
    3. Public Private Partnership
    4. Public Institutions and Strategies to Urban Rural Integrated Development
  8. Urban Rural Linkage Case Studies 5

Field visit by the students on their own cost for about 20 hours to acquaint real situation and acquire information on urban rural linkage activities, and share in the class through discussion or report writing.

References:

Baker, J., (ed). (1990). Small Town Africa: Studies in Rural Urban Interaction. (Unit 1, 3 , 6 , 7 & 8). Uppsala: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies.

Burghardt. A. F. (1971). Hypothesis about Gateway Cities. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , Vol. 61 (Unit 4).

Corroll, T., Lentnek B, & Wilkie, R (1984). Exploration Of Rural Urban Linkage and Market Centers in Highland. Ecuador, regional development dialogue, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Units 7 – 8).

ESCAP (1979). Guideline for Rural Central Planning. New York: Economic and Social Commission on Asia and the Pacific, (Unit 1, 4, 5, 6).

Jnawali, D. (2004). Rural Urban Interaction: A Geographic Perspective. Kathmandu: Students Books Publishers and Distributors.

Messerschimidt. D. A. (1980). Gateway – hinter relations in Changing Nepal. Contribution to Nepalese Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3, (unit 2 & 4).

Potter, R.B., & Unwin, T. (1990). The Geography of Urban Rural Interaction in Developing Countries, Routledge, (Unit 1, 3, 4 & 6).

Pradhan, P. K., & Routary, J. K. (1992). Market Center and Rural Development: A Study in Chitwan District, Nepal. Bangkok: Asian Institute of Technology, (units 4, 7 & 8).

Pradhan, Pushkar k. (1998). Market Center and Hinterland Relation in Lalitpur District, Nepal. University of Klagenfurt, Australia, (Unit 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 & 8).

Pradhan, Pushkar K., & Routary, j. K. (1992). Rural Urban Relation: A Bibliography. Bangkok; Asian Institute of Technology. (Units 3 & 4).

Pradhan, Pushkar K. (2003). Manual for Urban Rural Development: Analysis. Kathmandu: New Hira Books Enterprises, (Units 1 – 8).

Pradhan, Pushkar K. (2004). Rural Urban Relation: with Particular Reference to Nepal, RUPP, UNDP/MLD, HMG Nepal Kathmandu (Unit 1 – 8).

Pradhan, Pushkar K., & Sigdel T. S. (2005). Sahar Gaun Sambandha ra Gramin Bikas (in Nepali). Kathmandu: New Hira Books Enterprises.

Wannali, S. (1992). Rural Infrastructure, the Settlement System and Development of The Regional Economy in Southern India. Washington: International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington. Research Report, (Units 5 -7).

RD 513

Local Governance and Political Economy of Nepal

Course Objectives:

The main objective of this course is to make the students understand the local governance system and political economy in the areas of rural development in Nepal.

Full Marks: 100

Teaching Hours: 150

Group – A

Local Governance System and Rural Development

Units

  1. Governance 20
    1. Government: Concept, Type, Meaning, Organs and Role in Rural Development
    2. Structure of Government in the context of Nepal;

Federalism and Rural Development

    1. Governance: Concept, Meaning & Characteristics
    2. Good Governance: Concept, Elements, Characteristics, Mechanism, Issues and Challenges
    3. Local Self Governance: Concept, Meaning, Necessity and Local Self Governance Act 2055 of Nepal
    4. Local Government in Nepal: VDC, Municipalities and DDC

  • Decentralization and Rural Development 15

    1. Concept, Meaning, Type and Necessity
    2. Delegation of Power and Devolution of Authority
    3. Decentralization in Nepal: Theory and Practices
    4. Relevance of Decentralization in Rural development
  • Civil Society and Rural Development 10
    1. Civil Society: Concept, Meaning, Types and Functions
    2. Civil Society in Nepal: Theory and Practice
    3. Role of CBO, NGO/INGO in Rural Development
    4. Role of Member in Legislature in Rural Development
  • Rural Policy Formulation System 15
    1. Policy Formulation: Concept and Process
    2. Actors and Agencies involved in Public Policy Making – Legislature, Executive, Judiciary, Bureaucracy, Civil Society and Media
    3. Policy Making Process of VDC, Municipalities and DDC
  • New Trends in Rural Development 15
    1. Human Rights: Concept, Need and Relevancy with Rural Development
    2. Social Equity / Equality and Justice: Concept and Need
    3. People’s Participation in Local Governance
    4. Social Mobilization
    5. Entrepreneurship

Group – B

Rural Political Economy of Nepal

  1. Political Economy 15
    1. Political Economy: Concept, Meaning, Nature and Characteristics
    2. Issues and Components of Political Economy
    3. Relation between Politics and Economy
    4. Rural Political Economy of Nepal
  2. Ideologies of Political Economy 15
    1. Liberal Perspective
    2. National Perspective
    3. Marxist Perspective
  3. Issues, Challenges and Political Economic Debates in Nepalese Political Economy 5
    1. Between Rich and Poor
    2. Between Development and Underdevelopment of Rural Sector
    3. Conflict, Peace and Development
  4. Economic and Political Dimension of Development in Nepal 15
    1. Agriculture Transformation and Rural Development
    2. Land Reform in Nepal with Reference to Land Reform Act 2021
    3. Role of Women in Rural Development
    4. Cooperative Development in Nepal
    5. Cottage Industries: Development Policies and its Linkages with Urban Market System
    6. Rural Market System: Structure, Linkages, Intermediaries and Problems
  5. Rural Finance: Saving and Credit 15
    1. Rural Finance: Concept, Types, Characteristics
    2. Source of Rural Finance
    3. Priority Sector Credit
    4. Production Credit for Rural Women
    5. Micro Credit Programme for Rural Women
    6. Rural Saving and Credit
  6. Economic Reforms and their Relevancy in Rural Development 10
    1. Privatization
    2. Liberalization
    3. Globalization
    4. Millennium Development Goals (MGDs)

References for Group ‘A’

Dahal, R. K. (2005). Rural Development Politics in Nepal. Kathmandu: Dikshanta Pustak Bhandar.

Dahal, R. K. (2006). State, Governance and Rural Development, Kathmandu: Dikshanta Pustak Bhandar.

Dahal R. K. (2009). State and Rural Development. Kathmandu: Dikshanta Pustak Bhandar.

Shrestha, M. (2008). Women and Development in Nepal. Kathmandu: Sigma – Carts Printing and Logistics.

Shrestha, R. (2005). State and Rural Development. Kathmandu: New Hira Books Enterprises.

Shrestha, T. N. (1999). The Implementation of Decentralization Scheme in Nepal. Kathmandu: Joshi Publication.

Singh, K. (1999). Rural Development: Principles and Management. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications , Second Edition.

Sridharam, D. & Vesna. (Eds). (2002). Breaking the Political Class Ceiling: Woman and Local Governance in South Asian. New Delhi: Penguin Books.

Todaro, M., & Smith (1997). Economic Development. Pearson Education: WL England.

UNDP (2001). Nepal Human Development Report 2001: Poverty Reduction and Governance. Kathmandu: UNDP.

Uprety, H. (1996). Crisis of Governance. Kathmandu: GDS.

Verma, V. (2000). Justice, Equality and Community. New Delhi: Sage Publication.

World Bank (1991). World Development Report 1991: The Challenge of Development. Washington: The World Bank.

World Bank. World Development Reports of Different Years.

References for Group ‘B’

Bagchi, A. (1989). The Political Economy of Underdevelopment. Delhi: Orient Longman Limited. Commeson, N. T. (2004). Civil Society and Social Mavement. New Delhi: Sage Publication.

Dahal, D. R., & Boungjart H. (1996). Development Studies; Self – help Organization, NGO and Civil Society. Kathmandu: FES.

Dahal, M. K. (ed). (2006). The Impact of Globalization in Nepal. Kathmandu: NEFAS.

Dahal, R. K. (2004). Rural Political Economy of Nepal. Kathmandu: Dikshanta Pustak Bhandar.

Dreze, J. S. & Athar H., (Eds). (1996). The Political Economy of Hunger. Oxford: Clarendren Press.

Glipin, R. (1986). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Goddard, R. C. et al. Ed. (2001). International Political Economy: State – Market Relations in the Changing Global Order. New Delhi: Viva Books.

Munshi, S., & Balu P. A. (Eds) (2004). Good Governance, Democratic Societies and Globalization. New Delhi: Sage Publication.

Munshi, S., & Paul P. A. (2000). Good Governance Democratic Structures and Globalization. New Delhi: Sage Publication.

Pokhrel, B. (2004). Rural Economy of Nepal. Kathmandu: New Hira Books Enterprises.

Sharma, P. (2004). Local Governance and Planning in Nepal: An Empirical Experience. Kathmandu: Kschitiz Publication.

Shrestha, B. P. (1978). An Introduction to Nepalese Economy. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.

Shrestha, N. (2002). Political Economy of Land, Landless and Migration in Nepal. Kathmandu: Ratna Pustak Bhandar.

RD 514

Social and Cultural Dimensions in Rural Development

Course Objective:

The main objective of the course is to provide the fundamental concepts and approaches, methods, techniques and theories of socio-cultural dimension in rural development. It also enables the students to translate their knowledge in the practical actions on the socio-cultural issues in promoting the rural development process.

Full marks: 100

Teaching Hours: 150

Group – A

Social Dimensions in Rural Development

Units

  1. Introduction 20
    1. Rural Sociology – Nature, Scope, Method and Importance
    2. Concept, Meaning, Types and Characteristics of Society
    3. Developed and Underdeveloped Societies – Definition, Indicators and Issues
    4. Social Development – Meaning and Indicators
    5. Social Structure, Social Strafication and Inequality and Rural Development
    6. Social Organizations – Induced and Indigenous
    7. Social Research and Sociological Perspective on Public Policy and Development Models and Mechanism of Policy Formation
    8. Inevitability of Sociological Knowledge and Method in Promoting Rural Development Process
  2. Agrarian Structure and Rural Development 10
    1. Concept of Peasant Society and Village Community
    2. Over-view of Agrarian Social Structure in Nepal
    3. Land Tenure System in Nepal
    4. Social Aspects of Nepalese Agriculture System
    5. Emergence and Development of Agrarian Movements in Nepal
  3. Social Perspectives and Discourses on Rural Development 15
    1. Factors and Process of Social Change and Development
    2. Right Based Approach of Development and Social Justice (Social, Cultural, Economic, Political and Environmental)
    3. Targeted Inclusive and Positive Discriminatory Development (Area, Class, Gender, Caste/Ethnicity)
    4. Gender and Development
    5. Discourses on Environment and Development
    6. Society, Technology and Development
  4. Social Mobilization and Empowerment 15
    1. Social Mobilization – Concept, Definition, Purpose, Methods and Importance in Rural Development
    2. Self-help Organization and Self-reliance Development Programs
    3. Capacity Building of the Poor and Deprived Groups
    4. Empowerment – Concepts and Approaches Mass Conscientization and Awareness Raising
    5. Concept of Participatory Development, Planning and Implementation of Programs, Monitoring and Evaluation
  5. Organization and Development 10
    1. Meaning, Process and Importance
    2. Decision-making and Organization
    3. Stress, Dispute and Conflict Management in the Organization
    4. Communication, Organization and Social Development – Meaning and Importance of Communication in Organization
    5. Organizational Sustainability and Development – Meaning and Perspectives
  6. Application of Sociological Knowledge in Addressing the issues of: 5
    1. Regionalism
    2. Ethnicity
    3. National Integration
    4. Emerging Social Issues and Social Change

Group – B

Cultural Dimensions in Rural Development

  1. Introduction 10
    1. Meaning and Scope of Anthropology and Its Main Branches
    2. Visions of Anthropology: Anthropological Paradigms and Perspectives
    3. Development Anthropology, Anthropology of Development and Practicing Anthropology: Meaning, Scope and Critique
    4. Inevitability of Anthropological Knowledge and Methods in Rural Development Process
  2. Development and Development Discourse 15
    1. Concept of Development
    2. Monolithic to Polycentric Notion of Development
    3. Third World Diversities and Dilemmas of Development Discourse
    4. Modernity, Post Modernity, After Post Modernity and New Social Movements
    5. Development as Freedom
  3. Culture and Development 10
    1. Culture and Development – An Interface
    2. People Culture and Development
    3. Cultural and Human Factors in Development – Ethical Vision and Policy Directions
  4. Rural Livelihood 10
    1. Livelihood – Concepts
    2. Assets of Rural Livelihood
    3. Indicators and Sustainability
    4. Agriculture System, Animal Husbandry, Forest Products
    5. Changing Strategies in Rural Livelihood
  5. Indigenous Knowledge System and Rural Development 10
    1. Indigenous Knowledge System
    2. Local Institution for Sustainable Rural Development
    3. Role of Indigenous Knowledge System in Rural Community Development
    4. Rural People’s Knowledge – Knowledge of the Environment, Rural People’s Faculties, Rural People’s Experiments and Innovations
    5. Traditional Knowledge for the Conservation and Management of Common Property Resources and Nepal
  6. Participation, Participant Observation and Participatory Development 10
    1. Concepts and Methods
    2. Participation – A Problematic Concept
    3. Participant Observation and participatory Development Approaches
    4. Participatory Rural Development Model, Method and Mode of Inquiry
  7. Application of Anthropological Knowledge and Methods in Addressing: 10
    1. Irrigation, Drinking Water and Hydropower
    2. Forestry, Environment and Bio-diversity Conservation
    3. Health, Hygiene and Sanitation

References for Group ‘A’

Beteille, A. (1985). Studies in Agrarian Social Structure. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Bhattachan, K. B. & M. (eds,). (2000). Development Practices in Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Department of Sociology/Anthropology, T.U.

Bista, D. B. (1991). Fatalism and Development: Nepal’s Struggle for Modernization. Calcutta: Orient Longman.

Blaikie P., Camerow J., & D. Seddon. (1980). Nepal in Crisis. Growth and Stagnation at the Periphery . Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Caplin, L. (1970). Land and Social Change in East Nepal: A Study of Hindu Tribal Relations. Berkely: University of California Press.

Cernea, M. M. (1985). Putting People First: Sociological Variables in Rural Development. New York: Oxford University Press.

Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development: Putting the Last First. Longman House: Brunt Millm England.

Chitambar, J. B. (1997). Introductory Rural Sociology. New Delhi: New Age International.

Cohen, S. P., & R. W. Shorton (1996). Doctrines of Development. London and New York: Routledge.

David, Gellner et al., (eds.), (1997). Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of Culture in Contemporary Nepal. Amsterdam: Narwood Academic Publisher.

Desai, A. R. (1992). Rural Sociology in an India. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.

Devkota, P. L. (1994). Reflection on Participatory Development in Rural Nepal. Calgary:

Division of International Development, University of Calgary, Canada.

Gabriel, T. (1991).The Human Factors in Rural Development. New York: Belhaven Press.

Ghai, D. (1988). Participation on Development: Some Perspective from Grassroots Experience. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute For Social Development.

Giddens, A. (ed.), (2000). Sociology Introductory Readings. UK: Polity Press.

Hall, A., & James, M. (eds). (1988). Development Policies: Sociological Perspectives. Manchester: Manchester University press.

Hara, L. M. (1980). Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. New Delhi: Oxford.

Hulmer, D. & Mark, T. (1990). Sociology and Development: Theories, Policies and Practices. London: Macmillan Education.

IAAS. (2002). Social Mobilization Manual. Chitwan: Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences.

Korten, D. C. (1992). Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda. New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing Company.

Kothri, R. (1988). Re-Thinking Development: In Search of Humane Alternatives. New Delhi: Ajanta Publication.

Long, N. (1982). Introduction to the Sociology of Rural Development. London: Tavistock Publications.

Mikkelsen, B. (1995). Methods for Development Work and Research: A Guide for Practitioners. New Delhi: Sage Publication.

New Era (2002). Mapping of Social Mobilization in Nepal. Kathmandu: New Era.

Parajuli, P. (2007). Sociological Perspective on Rural Development. Kathmandu: Kshitiz Publication.

Regmi, R. (2001). The Essentials of Sociology. Kathmandu: Saroj Printers.

Regmi, M. C. (1999). A Study in Nepali Economic History. Delhi: Adroit Publishers.

Regmi, R. (1999). Dimensions of Nepali Society and Culture. Kathmandu: SANN Research Institute.

Selty, E. D. (1994). Participatory Rural Development in Asia. New Delhi: Inter -India Publications.

UNDP. (2004). Nepal Human Development Report 2004, Empowerment and Poverty Reduction. Kathmandu: United Nations Development Programme.

Vidya, B., & Sachdeva, D. R. (2000). An Introduction to Sociology. New Delhi: Kitab Mahal.

References for Group ‘B’

Barnett, H. G. (1953). Innovation; The Basis of Cultural Change. New York: McGraw Hill.

Berreman , G. D. (1994). Anthropology and Contemporary Human Problems. London: Mayfield Publishing Company.

Brohman, J. H. (1988). Popular Development: Re-Thinking the Theory and Practice of Development. London: Black Well Publishers.

Brokensha,D. W., D. M., Warren & O. Werner (Eds), (1990). Indigenous Knowledge System and Development. Lanham: University Press of America.

Cerena M. (Ed). Putting People First; Sociological Variables and Rural Development. New York: Oxford University Press.

Chambers, R. (1989). Rural Development: Putting The Last First. New York: Longman Publishers.

Clark, W. C. & B. Johnson (1882). Re-Designing Rural Development. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.

Cochroane, G. (1971). Development Anthropology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Devkota, P. L. (1985). Reflection of Participatory Development in Rural Nepal. Calgary: International Centre, University of Calgary, Alberta Canada.

Gabrial,T. (1991). The Human Factors in Rural Development. London: Belhaven Press.

Gardner, K., & D. Lewis (1996). Anthropology, Development and the Post Modern Challenges . London and Chicago: Pluto Press.

Ghai, D. (1988). Participation in Development: Some Perspective from Grassroots Experiences. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development.

Green, Edward C. (Ed.), (1986). Practicing Development Anthropology. Boulder: West View Press.

Jean, V. (2000). Culture and Human Development. New Delhi: Sage Publication.

Jha, M. (1994). An Introduction to Social Anthropology. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Justice, J. (1986). Plan, Policies and People: Culture and Health Development in Nepal. California: Berkeley University Press of California.

Korten, David, C. & Rudi-Klaus (1984). People Centered Development; Contribution Toward Theory and Planning Frameworks. West Hart Fired: Humarian Press.

Lipton, M. (1982). Why Poor Stay Poor. New Delhi: Heritage Publisher.

Mair, L. (1984). Anthropology and Development. London: Macmillan.

Mather, H. L., (Ed) (1990). Human Dimensions of Development: Perspectives From Anthropology. New Delhi: Concept Publishing House.

Messerschmidt, Donal, A., (1995). Development Studies : Bibliotheco of Himalayas. Kathmandu: ERP Publishing House.

Nepal, R. M. & Giri, M. (2008). Human and Cultural Factors in Rural Development. Kathmandu: Academic Books.

Oakely, P. (1984). Approaches To Participation in Rural Development. Geneva: International Labour Organization.

Oakely, P. Et., (1991). Projects With People; The Practice of Participation in Rural Development. Geneva; International Labour Organization.

Schurman, F. J. (Ed). (1996). Beyound the Impasse: New Directions in Development Theory. London: Zed Books.

Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Setty, E. D. (1994). Participatory Rural Development in Asia: A Critical Analysis. New Delhi: Inter India Publication.

Shrestha, N. R. (1997). In The Name of Development: A Reflection of Nepal. Kathmandu: Educational Enterprises.

United Nations (1994). Traditional Knowledge and Sustainable Development, Proceeding of the 1993. UN International Year of the World’s Indigenous Conference.

RD 515

Research Methodology and Statistical Methods

Course Objective:

The objective of this course is to acquaint the students with the techniques of social research methods, some statistical methods used in research, and mode of scientific inquiry especially in the field of rural development and to develop their skills in writing research reports.

Full Marks: 100

Teaching Hours: 150

Group – A

Research Methodology

Units

  1. Introduction 5
    1. Meaning, Objectives Scope, Nature and Types of Social Research
    2. Scope and Need for Research in Rural Development Studies
    3. Steps in Social Research
  2. Concepts in Social Research 10
    1. Concepts, Variables and Operationalizing definition
    2. Measurement Scales of Variables (Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio) and Corresponding Modes of Data Analysis
    3. Reliability and Validity
    4. Correlation and Causality
    5. Inductive and Deductive Methods
  3. Research Design 10
    1. Meaning, Scope and Principles
    2. Types of Social Research Designs: Historical, Experimental, Exploratory, Explanatory, Descriptive, Ex Post Facto, Action, Survey, Field Study, Evaluation Research and Case Study, Time-series Versus Cross-sectionals.
  4. Framework of a Research Proposal 10
    1. Selection of Topic
    2. Problem Identification
    3. Objectives of the Study
    4. Literature Review
    5. Methodology: Type of Data, Data Collection Method, Hypothesis and Conceptual Framework
    6. References
    7. Preparation of Research Proposal
  5. Method of Data Collection 20
    1. Sources of Information
    2. Census and Sample
    3. Survey: Interview, Questionnaire, Schedule
    4. Unobtrusive Measure and Participant Observation
    5. Scaling and Socio-metric Techniques
    6. Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): Methods and Tools: Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): Grounded Theory
  6. Data Processing and Analysis 10
    1. Data Processing: Editing, Coding and Organization of Data
    2. Tools of Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative
    3. Use and Importance of Statistical Tools
  7. Preparation of Research Report 10
    1. Need of Research Report
    2. Procedure for Preparing Research Report
    3. Qualities of a Good Research Report
    4. Format of the Report (including Footnotes, Quotations, References etc.)
    5. Organization of the Report
    6. Presentation of Research Report

Group – ‘B’

Statistical Methods

  1. Measurement of Inequality 7
    1. Review of Measures of Dispersion
    2. Lorenz Curve
    3. Gini Coefficient
  2. Probability and Probability Distribution 20
    1. Definition of Probability
    2. Addition and Multiplication Laws of Probability
    3. Conditional Probability
    4. Bayes Theorem
    5. Random Variable (Discrete and Continuous)
    6. Probability Distribution
    7. Mathematical Expectations
    8. Variance and Covariance of RandomVariables
    9. Binomial and Normal Distributions
    10. Relationship between Binomial and Normal Distributions
  3. Sampling Theory 15
    1. Meaning, Importance and Objectives of Sampling
    2. Population Versus Sample
    3. Sampling and Non-sampling Errors
    4. Types of Sampling
    5. Determination of Sample Size according to the type of Sample
    6. Sampling Distributions of Means and Proportions, Standard Error
  4. Correlation and Regression Analysis 18
    1. Simple (Pearson’s), Rank (Spearment’s), Partial and Multiple Correlations
    2. Review of Simple Regression
    3. Multiple Regression and Analysis (Up to Three Variables) by Least Squares Method
    4. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Regression Analysis
    5. Dummy Variable as Regressor
  5. Estimation and Hypothesis Testing 15
    1. Point and Interval Estimation
    2. Estimation Methods (Ordinary Least Squares)
    3. Z-test
    4. T-test
    5. F-test
    6. X2 (chi square)tests

References for Group ‘A’

Babbie, Earl R. (1998). The Practice of Social Research. New York: Wadsworth.

Bailey, Kenneth D. (1978). Methods of Social Research. New York: The Free Press.

Baker, Thesere L. (1994). Doing Social Research. New York: McGraw Hill.

Baskota, S. (2004). Research Methodology. Kathmandu: New Hira Books Enterprises.

Bell, J. (1999). How To Complete Your Research Project Successfully. New Delhi: UBS Publishers and Distributors Ltd.

Black, T. R. (2002). Understanding Social Science Research. London: Sage Publication.

Blacok, Hubert M. (1980). Sociological Theory and Research: A Critical Appraisal. New York: Collier Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.

Burns, Robert B. (2000). Introduction to Research Methods. Fourth Edition,

Goode, William J. & Paul K. H. (1952). Methods in Social Research. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

Kanel, Nav R. (2002). Treatment of Variables in Social Research. In Economic Journal of Development Issues, Vol. 3 No. 1 (Jan-June 2002), pp. 77-84.

Kanel, Nav R. (2003). Guidelines to Format Thesis and Dissertations: A Quick Reference. Kathmandu: New Hira Books Enterprises.

Kerlinger, Fred N., (2000). Foundation of Behavioural Research. New Delhi: Surjeet Publication.

Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques, Second Edition. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.

Pokhrel, B. (2005). Social Research Methods. Kathmandu: Dikshanta Pustak Bhandar.

Sharma, P. (2003). A Handbook of Social Science Research Methodology. Kathmandu: Kshitiz Prakashan.

Sharma, Prem and James Wicken (2003). Social Science Research Methods in Practical Use, Kathmandu: Kshitiz Prakashan.

Singleton, R. A. & Straits, B. C. (1998). Approaches to Social Research, Data Processing: Editing, Coding and Organization of Data. New York: Oxford University of Press.

Wikinson, T. S. and Bhandarkar P. L. (1979). Methodology and Techniques of Social Research. Bambay: Himalayan Publishing House.

Young, Pauline V. (1982). Scientific Social Survey and Research. New Delhi: Prentice Hall Pvt. Ltd.

References for Group ‘B’

Anand, S. (2000). The Measurement of Income Inequality, in Measurement of Inequality and Poverty by S. Subramaniam. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Baskota, S. (2006). Statistical Methods for Rural Development. Kathmandu: New Hira Books Enterprises.

Chou, Y. (1969). Statistical Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

Croxton, P. E., D. J., Cowden & Klein S. (1975). Applied General Statistics (Third Edition). New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Pvt Ltd.

Freund, John E. & Frank J. Williams (1959). Modern Business Statistics. Eaglewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc.

Goon, A. M., M. K. Gupta, B. D. (1965).Fundamentals of Statistics. (Volumes One & Two) Calcutta: The World Press Pvt Ltd.

Kanel, Nav R. (1993). Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient. – Conceptual Considerations. The Economic Journal of Nepal, Vol. 16 No. 4 (October-December 1993), pp. 221-230. [Issue No. 64]

Kanel, N. R. (1995). Gini Coefficient and Kanel’s Reduction. The Economic Journal of Nepal, Vol. 18 No. 4 (October-December 1995), pp. 173-185. [Issue No. 72]

Lipsehutz, S. (1981). Theory and Problems of Probability, SI (Metric)(Edition). Singapore: McGraw-Hill, Schaum’s Outline Series.

Sen, A. (1973). On Economic Inequality. London: Oxford University Press.

Shrestha, K. N., & Kansakar, D. R. (2060 B. S.). Quantitative Techniques for Economics (Third Edition). Kathmandu: Sewa Publishers.

Spiegel, Murray R. (2002). Statistics (Third Edition). New York: McGraw Hill, Schaum’s Outline Series.

Spiegel, Murray R., Schiller, J., & Alu Srinivasan R. (2004). Probability and Statistics (Second Edition). New Delhi: McGraw-Hill.

Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics, An Introductory Analysis. New York: Harper & Row.