MA RD Syllabus 2072 Nepal - 2nd year

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (FoHSS)

Central Department of Rural Development (CDRD)

(MASTER’S DEGREE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT)

Course of Study: Revised August, 2010 (Shrawan, 2067 B.S.)

Second Year

Code No. Title Full Marks
RD 536(A) Rural Marketing and Entrepreneurship Development (RMED) 50
RD 536(B) Rural Community Development (RCD) 50
RD 537 Sustainable Rural Development (SRD) 100
RD 538(A) Rural Tourism (RT) 50
RD 538(A) Rural Technology and Skill Development (RTSD) 50
RD 514 Social and Cultural Dimensions in Rural Development 100
RD 515 Research Methodology and Statistical Methods 100
--- Optional Subject (any one) ---
RD 539-1 Agriculture and Rural Development (ARD) 100
RD 539-2(A) Cooperative Development (CD) 50
RD 539-2(B) Gender and Development (GD) 50
RD 539-3 Natural Resources Management (NRM) 100
RD 540 Thesis (Compulsory) 100

Rural Marketing and Entrepreneurship Development

(RMED)

RD 536 (A)

Full marks: 50

Teaching Hours: 75

Course Objective:

The objective of the course is to equip students with knowledge and skill in order to take decision in the area of rural marketing management and entrepreneurship development.

Course Units TH

Unit 1: Introduction: Rural Marketing 10

1.1: Meaning of Marketing

1.2: Marketing Concepts;

  • Marketing Concept

  • Societal Marketing Concept

  • The New Discipline: Rural Marketing

1.3: Meaning, Nature and Importance of Rural Marketing

1.4: Rural Marketing Vs Urban Marketing

1.5: Rural Marketing Mix: 5 Ps

  • Product

  • Place

  • Price

  • Promotion

  • People

Unit 2: Rural Market 5

2.1: Meaning of Market

2.3: Meaning of Rural Market

2.4: Characteristics of Rural Market

  • People, Occupational pattern, Land use pattern, Communication and Information, Recreation, Credit institution.

Unit 3: Agricultural Marketing and Economic Development 8

3.1: Concept, of Agricultural Marketing

3.2: Nature of Agricultural Marketing

3.3: Agricultural Marketing Inputs and their Types

3.4: Importance of Agricultural Marketing in Economic Development

3.5: Cooperative Marketing

3.6: Agricultural Marketing in Nepal

Unit 4: Understanding the Rural Consumers 7

4.1: Consumers of Rural Market: Government, Local Government, Local people, Tourists /Visitors, Urban people

4.2 Factors Influencing Consumer Buying Behaviour

4.3: Profile of Nepalese Consumer

4.5: Cottage and Artisan Industries of Nepal

Unit 5: Rural Marketing Research 10

5.1: Defining identification of Research Problem and Research Objectives

5.2: Gathering Information

  • Primary Data Collection: Questionnaires

  • Secondary Data Collection

5.3: Sampling and Sample Design

5.4: Analysis and Diagrammatic Presentation:

5.5: Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA),

Unit 6: Rural Marketing Strategies 10

6.1: Rural Market Segmentation

6.2: Implementation of Rural Marketing Strategies

6.2.1. Concept of Product

  • Types of Products

  • Product mix

  • New product development

  • Grading, Labeling, Branding, Standardization

  • Packaging

  • Productification of Rurality: Value Added Rural Marketing

6.2.2: Concept of Place

  • Physical Supply: Transport system.

  • Designing Channel of Distribution: Wholesaler, Retailers, Cooperatives, etc

6.2.3: Concept of Pricing

  • Price Determination Factors: Internal and External Factors.

  • Pricing strategy

6.2.4: Promotion Mix

  • Advertisement

  • Public Relation

  • Personal sale

  • Sales support

6.2.5: e – Commerce

6.3: Rural Marketing Practice.

Unit 7: Entrepreneurship 5

7.1: Concept of Entrepreneurship

  • Types of Entrepreneurship: Sole, Partnership, Company, Community, etc

7.2: Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development

7.3: Women Entrepreneurship: Concept and Problems

7.4: Factors affecting Entrepreneurship growth: Economic and Non-economic factors

7.5: Risk in Entrepreneurship

  • Types of Risk: Financial, Career, Family and Social, etc

Unit 8: Legal Environment for the Entrepreneurship 5

8.1: Legal Process for Establishing a New Venture

  • Steps and process of Establishing New Venture

  • Registration of Intellectual Property Right (copy right), Patents, Trademarks,

  • Product Licensing, Insurance, Safety and Security, Liability, Contracts

Unit 9: Venture Identification and Preparation of Business Plan 5

9.1: Identification of Business Opportunities

  • Sources and Methods of generating new ideas.

  • Selection of Best Idea: Benefit and Cost; Profit and Loss, SWOT Analysis

9.2: Business Plan:

  • Concept

  • Preparation of Business Plan

Unit 10 : Case Studies of Rural Marketing 10

-Local and international cases

-Preparation and presentation of case studies

Reference:

Agrawal, G.R. (2006): Entrepreneurship Development in Nepal, Published by M.K. Publishers, Kathmandu, Nepal

Badi, R.V. and NV. Badi (2008): Rural Marketing; published by Mrs Meena Pandey for HIMALAYAN BOOKS PVT. LTD; India.

Basyal, Ram (2008): Rural Development, Practices in SAARC Countries, Some Innovative Cases; published by Richa Bashyal, Kathmandu.

Dhameja, S.K. (2004): Women Entrepreneurs; Published by Deep & Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 110027, India.

Forsyth, Patrick (2000): Marketing for Non-Marketing Managers; published by Universities Press (India) Limited, India.

Hisrich, Robert D; Michael P. Peters and Dean A Shepherd (2007): Entrepreneurship (6th Edition); published by Tata McGrawhill Education Private Limited. N. Delhi, India.

Kashyap, Pradeep and Siddhartha Raut (2009): The Rural Marketing; Pubished by Biztantra, New Delhi 1100 002, India.

Kotler, Phillip and Gary Armstrong: (2008): Principles of Marketing (13th Edition); Published by Prentice-Hall, N. Delhi 1100001, India

Malhotra, Narish K. and Satyabhusan Dash (2009): Marketing Research An Applied Orientation (5th Edition); Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. Licenses of Pearson Education in South Asia, N. Delhi, India.

Poudel, Krishna Lal (2008): Agribusiness Management; Published by Himalayan College of Agricultural Science and Technology (HICAST), Purbanchal University, Nepal

Poudyal, S. R. and D. M. Ghimire (2065 BS): Udhyamsila Bikash; Published by Published by Buddha Academic Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. Nepal.

Prakash, Shree and H. Chaturvedi ( Edt) (2007): WTO Intellectual Property Rights and Branding; Published by Asok Gosain and Anish Gosain for Har- Anan Publication Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 110020, India.

Ramkishen , Y (2002): A New Perspectives on Rural Marketing; Published by Jico Publishing House, Mumbai 400 001 India.

Shukla, R.S. (NA): How to Set Up your Own Successful Small Scale Industries; Published by Abhinav Publishing Industries Pvt.Ltd. Delhi 110095, India

Wolf, Howard K. and Prem R. Pant (2003): Social Science Research and Thesis Writing (3rd Edition); Published by Buddha Academic Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. Nepal.

World Bank (2002): Building Institutions for Markets; Published by Oxford University Press, Inc, New York, 10016, USA

Rural Community Development (RCD)

R.D. 536 (B) Full Marks : 50

Teaching Hours (TH) : 75

Course Objective:

This course aims to enable students to understand concept, process and strategies associated with community development as well as various trend of development and community development practices in Nepal and other countries.

Course Units TH

  1. Community and Community Development 15
    1. Concept and Definition of Community and Community Development
    2. Group Dynamics
    3. Values and Principles of Community Development
    4. Process, Strategies and Techniques of Community Development
    5. Social Inclusion and Social Mobilization
    6. Civil Society and Community Development
  2. Theories of Community Development 10
    1. Psycho-Sociological Theory of Community Development
    2. Socio-democratic Theory of Community Development (Antonio Gramsci)
  3. Trends of Development (With special reference to Nepal) 10
    1. State-led Development Strategy
    2. Market-led Development Strategy
    3. NGO-led Development Strategy
    4. Peoples Centered Development Approaches
    5. Development as Community Transformation
    6. State Policies in community development with special focus to recent policies
  4. History of Community Development and Community based Organizations of Nepal

10

    1. History of Community Development

(Pre-Unification, Unification and Rana Period, Planned Development Period (2007-2017), Panchyat Period, After 2046 BS- BOVO, PDDP, LGP, DLGSP)

    1. Community – based Organizations in Nepal (CBOs)

(Parma, Bhajaita, Dhikuri, Guthi, Rodi, Bheja)

  1. Analysis and Appraisal of Community – based Programmes in Nepal 15

    1. Small Farmer’s Development Programme (SFDF)
    2. Community Forestry
    3. Production Credit of Rural Women (PCRW)
    4. Grameen Bikas Bank
    5. Farmer Mnaged Community Irrigation System (FMCIS)
    6. Community Schools/College
    7. Community Health Programmes
    8. Recent Trends of Community – based Programmes in Nepal

  3. People’s Participation and Participatory Development 15

    1. Concept and Definition
    2. Role of People’s Participation in Community Development
    3. Role of Communication for People’s Participation and Community Development
    4. Problems and Challenges of Participation in Community Development
    5. Local and Regional Case Studies
    6. International Case Studies
    7. Preparation and Presentation of the Report of the Field Visit

( Field visit to relevant sites on the expenses of students)

References:

Asian Productivity Organization. (2002) Successful Community Development, Tokyo.

Bhattachan, Krishna Bahadur. (ed.). Development Practices in Nepal.

Biddle, William W. (1965). The Community Development Process, New Delhi: Amerind Publishing Company Ltd.

Chekki, Dan A. (1979). Community: Theory and Method of Planned change, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.

Dore, Ronald and Zoe Mars. (eds). (1981). Community Development, Croom Helm, London: UNESCO Paris.

Harmston, Flayd K. (1983), The Community as an Eco-System. The Iowa State University Press/Ames, USA.

Jatch, John K. (1965). What Does Community Development Really Mean?. Washington DC: Peace Corps Volunteers Office.

Journal of Agriculture Development Bank – Agricultural credit. (Vol. 39. January 2006).

Korten, David C. (1980). Community Organization and Rural Development: A Learning Process Approach.

Kunwar, Krishna Bahadur (2064 B.S) Poverty and Community Development, Theory and Practice, Meena Prakashan, Kathmandu.

NPC – Various Plan Documents

Pyakuryal, Kailash. (1990). Community Development and Challenges and Prospects, Kathmandu: REDD BARNA.

Richard Peer and Elaine Harswick (2010), Theories of Development Contentions, Argument Alternatives, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, India.

Shrestha, Mangala (2009), “Community Development” Question Publication, Kathmandu.

Simon, During (2008), The Cultural Studies Reader, Rouledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London and Newyork.

Somesh Kumar (2007), Tenth Printing Methods for Community Participation, Vistaar Publications, New Delhi.

Stiefel, Mathisa. (1996) UNDP in Conflict and Disasters: An Overview Report of the Continuum Project. Graduate Institute of International Studies: Geneva.

Tripathi, Satyendra. (1987). Development or Rural Poor, Rawat Publications: Jaipur.

UNDP. (1998). Nepal Human Development Report, Kathmandu: UNDP.

UNDP. (2006). Governance in Post Conflict Countries. Management, Development and Governance Division, Bureau of Development Policy.

Sustainable Rural Development (SRD)

R.D. 537 Full Marks: 100

Total Teaching Hours: 150

Course Background

The global community faces a range of profound economic, social and environmentalchallenges that are intensifying due to climate change and globalization. Responses tothose challenges are often framed within broader debates about sustainable development.

This Course focuses on the global development and environmental challenges and it explores ways of finding solutions to those challenges through the promotion of sustainable rural development. This Course provides a theoretical basis for the study of sustainable rural development and for understanding the evolution and meanings of this concept.

Course Objectives

The purpose of the programme is to enable students to acquire the skills needed to analyze and understand current globalization and sustainability issues and debates. The objectives of the programme are:

  • to enhance knowledge for informed decision and policy-making on sustainable development issues
  • to develop critical, analytical, and integrative skills for resolving environmental and sustainable development challenges
  • to provide practical research experience and opportunities for reflection in order to promote sustainable development
  • to examine the origins, streams and prospects for sustainable development in rural context

Course Units TH

Unit 1: Introduction 15

    1. Meaning and Dimensions of Sustainable Rural Development
    2. Evolution of Sustainable Development Concept in Local and Global Perspectives (Stockholm's, Rio, Johannesburg)
    3. Development Paradigms and Shift in Sustainable Development

Unit 2: Key Indicators of Sustainability and their Trends 15

    1. Atmospheric
    2. Agriculture
    3. Economic
    4. Industrial
    5. Energy
    6. Social
    7. Food

Unit 3: Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development 20

3.1 Global Environmental Issues

3.1.1 Physical (Global Warming, Ozone Depletion, Acid Rains)

3.1.2 Biological (Loss of Bio-diversity and Deforestation)

3.1.3 Socio-Economic (Industrialization, Urbanization and Migration)

3.2 Disasters and Sustainable Development

3.3 Linkage between Poverty and Environment

3.4 Biomass based Energy use in Nepal

3.5 Green Revolution and Genetic Engineering (GE) Farming & Environmental Threats

Unit 4: Pollution and Sustainable Development 10

    1. Environmental pollution- Types ( Air, Water, Soil, Sound, Toxic, Atomic, Thermal )
    2. Causes of Environmental Pollution ( Population Change, Industrialization, Encroachment on Local Resources )and Its Consequences
    3. Measures to Mitigate Environmental pollution

Unit 5: Climate Change and its Impact 15

    1. Climate Change (Situation and Causes)
    2. Impact of Climate Change on:

5.2.1 Agriculture- Food security

5.2.2 Water Resources- Snow cover and Glaciers, River Discharge

5.2.3 Health (Human, Animal and Plant)

5.2.4 Settlements and Infrastructure

5.2.5 Gender and Livelihood

5.2.6 Extreme Events

Unit 6: Ecological Zones and Rural Nepal 10

6.1 Introduction: Physio-ecological Zone (Mountains, Hills and Terai)

6.2 Soil (classification, erosion, conservation)

6.3 Water Resource (ground and Surface)

6.4 Forest Resources

6.5 Settlement Pattern, Socio-cultural Aspects, Resource Conservations

Unit 7: Biodiversity and Sustainable Development in Nepal 15

    1. Meaning, types and status of Biodiversity in Nepal
    2. Biodiversity conservation Practices in Nepal
    3. Importance and Threats to Biodiversity Conservation in Nepal
    4. Biodiversity and Rural Livelihood
    5. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) - Concept, type, Practices and Indigenous People

Unit 8: Population and Agricultural Practices 10

8.1 Rural Population (Growth, Composition and Distribution)

8.2 Agriculture Production and Productivity, Crop Diversification Practices

8.3 Food Deficit and Its consequences (Social, Political, Economic and Environment)

Unit 9: Human Development Perspectives 15

    1. Meaning and Concept of Human Development
    2. Environment and Society
    3. Extent of Vulnerability and Dimension of Human development
    4. Equity, Social Justice and Empowerment
    5. Resources Vs. Knowledge based Human Development

Unit 10: Sustainability Approaches 15

    1. Capacity Building and Mobilizations of Human, Natural, Physical, Financial and Social Capital
    2. Local Resource Conservation (Soil, Pasture area, Minerals, Water , Forest) and their Mobilization
    3. Local Institution Building and Capacity enhancement including the role of GOs, NGOs, INGOs and CBOs
    4. Social Mobilization including Role of Community, Women and Indigenous People

Unit 11: Problems and Prospects of Sustainability of Development in Rural Nepal 10

    1. Major problems
    2. Major Prospects
    3. Case study, term paper, seminar (one each)

References

Ahmed R & M. Hossain. (1990). Development Impacts of Rural Infrastructure. Research Report No. 83, World Bank: Washington DC.

Banerjee, Brojendra N. (1987). Industry Agriculture and Rural Development, Delhi : B.R. Publishing Corporation, India.

Baumgartner, R and Hogger R. (2004). (Ed). In Search of Sustainable Livelihood Systems, Sage Publications: New Delhi.

Bruinsme, J. (2003). (ED). World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030 – An FAO Perspective: Earthscan: London.

Brundtland, G.H. (1987). Our Common Future (World Commission on Environment and Development). Oxford University Press: Delhi, India.

Brundtland, G.H. (1989). Sustainable Development: An Overview. Development Journal of SID.

Carney, D. (1999). (Ed). Sustainable Livelihoods, DFID: London.

Chaudhary, R.P. (1998). Biodiversity in Nepal: Status and Conversation. Tec. Press: Bangkok.

Chambers, Robert (2007). Ideas for Development. Earthscan in the UK and USA. South Asian Edition, Noida, Delhi, India.

Choker, K B, pandya, M & M. Raghunathan (Ed) (2004) Understanding Environment, Sage Publications:New Delhi.

Csaki, Casaba. (2003). Reaching the Rural Poor: A Renewed Strategy for Rural Development , World Bank: Washington DC.

Dahal, M.K. & D.R. Dahal. (1998). Environment and Sustainable Development: Issuses in Nepalese Perspective. Nepal Foundation for Advanced Studies (NEFAS): Kathmandu.

Deininger, K. (2003). Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction, World Bank: Washington, DC.

Dixon, Chris. (1990). Rural Development in the Third World, Routledge: London.

Domroes Manfred Ed. (2003). Translating Development : The Case of Nepal, Social Science Press : New Delhi, India.

Elliott, J.A. (1994). _An Introduction to Sustainable Development: The developing World:_Routledge London.

FAO. (1992). _Sustainable Development and the Environment: FAO Policies and Actions._Stockholm 1972 – Rio 1992. FAO: Rome.

FAO. (2003). Agriculture Food and Water, FAO UN: Rome.

Field B.C. (2001). _Natural Resources Economics: An Introduction._McGraw Hill, Boston.

Furtado, D.R & Belt, T. (2000). Economic Development and Sustainability, The World Bank, Washington DC.

Ghimire Krishna B. (2001). Land Reform and Peasant Livelihood: The Social Dynamics of Rural Poverty and Agrarian Reforms in Developing Countries, IT DG Publishing, London.

Ghimire, Krishna B. & Pimbert, M.P. (Ed). (1997). Social Change and Conservation: Environmental Politics and Impacts of National Parks and Protected Areas, Earthscan, London.

Hossay, Patrick. (2006). Unsustainable, Zed Books, London.

Howard, Patricia L. (2003) Women and Plants, Zed Books, London.

ICIMOD. (1997). Districts of Nepal: Indicators of Development. Lalitpur.

Ingco, Merlinda D & Nash, J.D. (2004). Agricultural amd the WTO, World Bank, Washington DC.

Joshi, Jibgar (2006). Regional Strategies for Sustainable Development in Nepal, Kathmandu : Lajmina Joshi, Nepal.

Johansson, Sara & Per Ronnas. (1996). Rural Indrustrialization, ILO – SAAT, New Delhi.

Kawakita, J. (1984). Quest for Human Needs in a Himaliyan Village. UN Centre for Regional Development. Nagoya, Japan.

Krishnasumi. (2004). Livelihood and Gender, Sage Publications, New Delhi.

Lampe, K.J. (1983). "Rural Development in Mountainous Areas: Why Progress in so Difficult?" Mountain Research and Development. Vol. 3 No. 2. 1983 UNU and IMS, University of California Press: Berkeley.

Lekhak, H.D and B. Lekhak (2009). Natural Resource Conservation and Sustainable Development in Nepal. Kshitiz Publications: Kathmandu.

Marks, Stephen P. (2004). The Right to Development. Sage Publications: New Delhi.

Rao, P. Gopinath (2006). Rural Development, Sustainable Livelihood and Security. Delhi : Authors Press, India.

Redcliff, M. (1995). Sustainable Development: Exploring the Contradictions. Rouledge: London

Regmi, R.K. (ed.) (2003). Sustainability: The Lasting Fuel. Forum for Sustainable Development-Nepal: Kathmandu.

SAARC (2006). SAARC Regional Poverty Profile-2005. SAARC Secretariat: Kathmandu

Shiba, Vandana (1998). Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Survival in India. Zed Press: New Delhi

Soubbitian, Tatyana. P. (2004). Beyond Economic Growth: An Introduction to Sustainable Development. The World Bank: Washington DC.

Stallworthy, M. (2002). Sustainability, Land Use and Environment. Cavendish: London.

Tacoli Cecilia (Ed.) (2007). Earthscan Reader in Rural Urban Lincages. Earthscan in the UK and USA. South Asian Edition, Delhi, India.

Van Loon, G. W, Patil, SG and LG Hugar (2005). Agricultural Sustainability. Sage Publications: New Delhi

World Bank (latest). World Development Report. The World Bank: Washington DC.

Rural Tourism (RT)

RD 538 (A) Full Marks : 50

Course Objectives: Teaching Hours (TH) : 75

This course aims to enable students with rural tourism as different dimensions of development in global, regional and national perspectives. The aspiration of the course is also to enhance the capacity of students to develop and manage villages as rural tourism destinations.

Course Units TH

Unit 1 : Introduction to Rural Tourism 18

    1. Meaning and Components of Tourism, Its Nature and Scope
    2. Meaning and Concept of Rural Tourism
    3. Typology of Tourists and Tourism
    4. Motivation behind Tourism
    5. Evolution of Tourism
    6. Alternative Forms of Tourism
    7. Impacts of Tourism on Environment, Economy and Socio-cultural Sectors at Local and National Level
    8. Trends of Tourism development – Global, Regional, National and Local
    9. Significance of Tourism for Developing Countries and Rural Communities
    10. Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

Unit 2 : Planning and Management of Rural Tourism 12

2.1 Conceptual Meaning of Tourism Planning and its Importance

2.2 Levels of Tourism Planning (Local, Regional and National)

2.3 Role and Importance of Stakeholders in Tourism Planning

2.4 Tourism Policies of Nepal

2.5 Tourism Plan Formulation and SWOT Analysis

2.6 Need of Diversification in Tourism

Unit 3 : Tourism Marketing 12

3.1 Definition and Feature of Tourism Marketing

3.2 Market Segmentation, Target Markets and Market Positioning

3.3 Marketing Mix in Tourism

3.4 Marketing and Promotional Activities (Government and Private)

3.5 Tourism Enterprise Development and Market Linkage

3.6 Value Chain Analysis in Tourism

Unit 4 : Ecotourism and Rural Development 10

4.1 Definition, Nature, Scope and Principle of Ecotourism

4.2 Advantages of Ecotourism for Rural Communities

4.3 Ecotourism as a Unique Component of Competitiveness

4.4 Issues and Challenges of Ecotourism

4.5 Tools of Sustainability in Tourism

Unit 5 : Tourism and Rural Development in Nepal 15

5.1 Land for All Season

5.2 History of Tourism in Nepal

5.3 Current State of Tourism in Nepal

5.4 Problems and prospects of Protected Areas and World Heritage Sites for tourism in Nepal

5.5 Conservation and Rural Development through Community Participation: A Case Study of ACAP

5.6 A Case Study of Rural Tourism (Bandipur, Sirubari and Ghalegaon)

5.7 Pro-Poor Tourism: A case study of Tourism for Rural Poverty Alleviation Programme (TRPAP)

Unit 6 : Modern Information Technology in Tourism An Application for Rural Tourism 3

Unit 7 : Paper Presentation by Students and Discussions 5

(Paper presentation on a case study of a village from rural tourism perspective)

References

Agrawal, Manoj K &Upadhyaya, Rudra (2006). Tourism and Economic Development in Nepal. New Delhi: Northern Book Center

Barnewell and Bernard Lane (ed.1994), Rural Tourism and Sustainable Development, Clavedon: Chanell View Publications.

Bhatia A. K. Tourism Development Principles and Practices.

Butler, R. W. C. M. Hall & J. Jenkins (1998 ed.) Tourism and Recreation in Rural Areas. Chichester: Wiley.

Cater, Erlet & Gwen Lowman (1994). Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option?. New York: Wiley.

France, L. (2006). Sustainable Tourism. UK: Earthscan Publications Ltd.

Gareth, Shaw & Allan M. Williams (2000). Critical Issues in Tourism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Geoldner, Charles R., Berent Ritchie and Robert W. Macintosh (2000). Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophy. New York: John Wiley and Sons

GoN, MOCTCA (2007). Pro-Poor Rural Tourism Initiatives and Its Sustainability in Nepal- research highlights. Kathmandu: MOCTCA

ICIMOD (2007). Facilitating Sustainable Mountain Tourism, Vol. 1&2. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

Kunwar, Ramesh Raj (1997). Tourism and Development. Kathmandu : Laxmi Kunwar.

Martin Mawforth and Ian Munt (1998). Tourism and Sustainability: New Tourism in the Third World. London and New York

Satyal, Yajna Raj (2000). Essentials of Tourism. Delhi: Adoit Publishers : Kathmandu.

Sharma J.K. (2004). Tourism Planning and Development. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers, Distributers

Theobold, W. (1994). Global Tourism: the Next Decades. Jordanhill: Butterworth-Heinenann Ltd.

Upadhyaya, Rudra (ed.) (2008). Readings in Rural Tourism. Kathmandu: Sunlight Publication

UNWTO (2001). Global Code of Ethics for Tourism

Rural Technology and Skill Development (RTSD)

RD 538 (B) Full Marks : 50

Teaching Hours (TH) : 75

Course Objective

After the completion of this course the students will be able to convince users to select and apply the appropriate technology suitable for a particular given area, for its assessable development creating employment opportunities. This course is focused on application of technology for rural development.

Course Units TH

Unit 1 : Technology and Development 5

    1. Introduction to Technology
    2. Appropriate Technology
    3. Role of Appropriate Technology in Transformation of Rural Scene
    4. Importance of Technology Transfer

Unit 2 : Energy Basics 4

2.1 Importance of Energy in Socio-Economic Development

2.2 Current Demand and Supply of Energy in Nepal

2.3 Relationship between Energy Consumption and Human Development Index

2.4 Conventional and Non-Conventional/Renewable Energy Sources

2.5 Energy Units

2.6 Conversion Tables

2.7 Introduction to Clean Development Mechanism

Unit 3 : Energy for Rural Development 25

3.1 Solar Energy

3.1.1 Rural Energy/Renewable Energy

3.1.2 Sun as an Ultimate Sources of all forms of Energy, Energy Flow from Sun

3.1.3 Solar Thermal Energy

3.1.4 Solar Thermal Devices (cookers, dryers, heaters, its types and applications)

3.1.5 Passive Solar Heating and Cooling (Trombe Wall)

31..6 Water Purification (SODIS)

3.1.7 Environmental Benefits of Solar Thermal Energy

3.1.8 Photovoltaic Solar Energy

3.1.9 Solar Photovoltaic Devices (solar cell, module, array)

3.1.9.1 Solar PV Home System

3.1.9.2 Solar WLED System

3.1.9.3 Solar PV Drinking Water Supply System

3.1.9.4 Solar Micro Irrigation System

3.1.10 Solar PV Energy for Rural Communication

3.1.11 Solar PV for Information Technology Development in Rural Areas

3.1.12 Application of Solar PV Energy for Income Generating Activities in Rural Areas

3.1.13 Environmental Benefits of Solar Energy

3.2 Hydro-Power

3.2.1 Hydro Power Plant Classification (pico, micro, small, medium, large)

3.2.2 Importance of Pico and Micro-Hydro Power

3.2.3 Application of Pico and Micro-Hydro Power

3.2.4 Environmental Benefits of Pico and Micro-Hydro Power

3.2.5 Improved Water Mills

3.2.6 Importance of Improved Water Mills

3.2.7 Environmental Benefits of Improved Water Mills

3.3 Wind Energy

3.3.1 Wind Energy with Reference to Nepal

3.3.2 Importance of Wind Energy

3.3.3 Application of Wind Energy

3.3.4 Environmental Benefits of Wind Energy

3.4 Geothermal Energy

3.4.1Geothermal Energy

3.4.2 Sources of Geothermal Energy

3.3.3 Application of Geothermal Energy

3.5 Rural energy Policy

3.5.1 Recent Rural Energy policy of Nepal

3.5.2 Recent Subsidy policy on RET of Nepal

Unit 4 : Farm Technology 4

4.1 Rain Water Harvesting / Low Cost Water Tank

4.2 Low-Cost Drip Irrigation System, Sprinkle Irrigation

4.3 Fog Water Collection

4.4 Compost Preparation Methods

4.5 Improved Agricultural Tools such as plough, thresher, milk churner, Janto/dhiki

Unit 5 : Rural Transportation 4

5.1 Rural Green Roads

5.2 Gravity Ropeways

5.3 Water Ways (Boats, Power boats, NFF)

Unit 6 : Bio-Mass Energy with Reference to Nepal 18

6.1 Solid Fuel

6.1.1 Sources of Solid Fuel

6.1.2 Applications of Solid Fuel such as briquettes

6.1.3 Improved Cooking Stoves (ICS) with Reference to Nepal

6.1.4 Importance of Improved Cooking Stoves

6.1.5 Application of Improved Cooking Stoves

6.1.6 Environmental Impact of Improved Cooking Stoves

6.1.7 Gasifiers

6.2 Liquid Fuel

6.2.1 Sources of Liquid Fuel

6.2.2 Applications of Liquid Fuel

6.2.3 Environmental Impacts due to use of Liquid Fuel

6.3 Gas Fuel

6.3.1 Sources of Gas Fuel

6.3.2 Application of Gas Fuel

6.3.3 Environmental Impacts of use of Gas Fuel

6.3.4 Biogas Plants (potential, types, applications, environmental benefits)

Unit 7 : Traditional Technologies and Crafts of Nepal 15

7.1 Development and Application of Indigenous Technology in Nepal

7.2 Metals and Metal Wares

7.3 Construction Materials and Clay Product

7.4 Wearing Wool and Woolen Materials

7.5 Dyeing and Printing Paper

7.6 Paper Products & Inks

7.7 Fermentation of Milk, Rice and Other Products

7.8 Forest & Agriculture Products

7.9 Oil, Fats and Waxes in Technology

7.10 Fishing Services

7.11 Soap Making

7.12 Concrete Block Making

7.13 Compressed Soil Blocks

7.14 Low Cost Housing and Toilets

References

AEPC/MOEST Publications

CES/IOE Publications

CRT Publications

Energy Synopsis Report , WECS, GoN, SDingh Darbar

Gajurel, C. L. (1998). Traditional Crafts of Nepal and Japan,

ICIMOD Publications

ICIMOD, (1998). Renewable Energy technology: A Brighter Future,

Ministry of Finance (MoF) (Latest Publications) Economic Survey Report, GoN.

MoLD Publications

Practical Action Publications

RECAST/TU Publications

REDP Publications

Agriculture and Rural Development

RD 539-1 Full Marks: 100

Teaching Hours (TH): 150

Course Objectives

This course intends to familiarize students to agriculture production and distribution activities in rural development context of Nepal through studies and discussion of theories and factors of agricultural development(2065)., agricultural production systems and methods, farmland types and distribution, market places and marketing, management, agricultural finance and agricultural development, infrastructure and service delivery measures, agricultural extensions, and policies and strategies.

Course Units TH

1. Introduction 4

1.1 Meaning, Structure, Characteristics and Role of Agriculture in Developing Countries.

2. Theories of Agriculture Development 6

    1. John Mellor’s Theory of Agriculture Development
    2. Jorgenson’s Dual Economy Model
    3. Eater Bosertup's Theory of Agrarian Change
    4. Cobb-Doughlas’ Production Functions (concept and implications)

  • Factors of Agricultural Transformation 23

    1. Physical (climate, soil nutrient, drainage, greenhouse effect)
    2. Social (land tenure, skills and dissemination, labour availability and quality)
    3. Economic ( scale of operations, marketing, transportation, wage , capital, seeds and fertilizer, tools and implements, power and technology, irrigation, labour)
    4. Institutional/Organizational and Service Delivery (price fixation, cooperative, agriculture credit, storage)
  • Agriculture Production System 25
    1. Agricultural Systems (subsistence and commercialized)
    2. Integrated Farming System – Concept, Issues, Types, and Implications (agriculture and livestock)
    3. Cooperative Farming – Role, Problems and Prospects with Special Referance to Nepal
    4. Farm Management: Characteristics of Farms (types, size, distribution, terracing, irrigation systems, harvesting, post harvesting, including indigenous methods- Parma, Dhikuri)
    5. Comparative Advantages or Niche between Highland and Lowland

  • Agriculture Market Places and Marketing Systems 15

    1. Concept and Types
    2. Marketing Patterns, Channels and Network (vertical, horizontal and lateral, price structure, farmer’s marketing behavior, modes of transport and value chain)
    3. Regional and International Flows of Products
    4. Agricultural Marketing Systems (food grains, cash crops and livestock products)
    5. Market Places: Concept, Types (permanent and periodic/fair) and importance
    6. Market-place Development

  • Agricultural Development Infrastructure and Measures 20

    1. Agricultural Infrastructure and Services (production-oriented and community-oriented)
    2. Agricultural Facility Allocation and Accessibility
    3. Cropping Patterns- Crops-Combination and Intensity
    4. Levels of Agricultural Development – Regional Approach/Composite Index
    5. Agricultural Extension – Meaning, Ingredients and Importance
    6. Agricultural Extension Efforts in Nepal

7. Population and Agriculture Relationships 10

7.1Regional Pattern of Poulation Grouth and Land Use

7.2 Rgional Pattern of Agricultural Production

7.3 Relationship between Pupulation Grouth and Agricultural Production

8. Agricultural Finance 7

8.1 Concept of Agricultural Finance

8.2 History, Development and Agricultural Financing Institutions and Issues in Nepal

8.3 Microfinance Institutions in Agricultural Financing

9. Agricultural Enterprises (Interdependence of Agriculture and Industry) 10

9.1 Agro-Products (food crops, cash crops, by-products and dairy products)

9.2 Agro-Based Industries and Services

9.3 Farmers’ Entrepreneurship Development

10. Agri. Development Policies and Programmes (with reference to Nepal) 12

10.1 Land Reform and Tenancy Right

10.2 Green Revolution

10.3 Food Security and Scarcity

10.4 Review of Agricultural Development Policies and Programmes in Periodic Plans

10.5 Review of Agricultural Perspectives Plan (APP 1995-2015)

10.6 Agriculture Price Policy

10.7 Livestock and Crop Insurence

11. WTO and Agriculture 8

11.1 International Agreement on Agriculture (AOA)

11.2 TRIPs and Biodiversity

11.3 Market Access for Agro-Products, SPS Measures

11.4 Patent Rights

12. Field Survey ( Field visits and other research related activities are on students’ own expenses) 10

12.1 With Checklist and Orientation

12.2 Sharing of Experience through Discussions and Group Report Presentation

References

APPROSC/JMA (1995). Nepal Agriculture Perspective Plan. Kathmandu: Agricultural Projects Services

Boserup, Ester (1965). Conditions of Agriculture Growth. New York: Aldin.

CBS (2002). National Census of Agriculture. (2001/02). Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics.

CBS (2004). Handbook of Environment Statistics 2003. Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics/National Planning Commission/Asian Development Bank.

FAO (1997). Gender and Participation in Agricultural Development Planning: Key Issues from Ten Case Studies. Rome: FAO.

Kenting ( .....). Earth Science (KES), Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

KES (1986). Land Resources Mapping Project: Land Utilization Report. Kathmandu: Department of Survey.

MOA (Current). Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture. Kathmandu: MOA

MOPE (2001). State of the Environment Nepal: Agriculture and Forest. Kathmandu: MOPE.

Pradhan, Pushkar and Pradhan, Bandana (2006). Environment and Natural Resources: Concepts, Methods. Planning and Management. Kathmandu: Quest Publication (PP 319-367).

Regmi, Mahesh C. (1998). An Economic History of Nepal (1846-1901). Varanasi: Nath Publishing House.

Silwal, Uma K. (2003). Relationship between Population Grouth and Agricultural Change in Nepal:A Regional Analysis. Kathmandu: Thopal Prakashan.

Singh, Jasbir and S.S. Dhillon (1982). Agricultural Geography. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited.

ADB/ICIMOD (2006). Environment Assessment of Nepal: Emerging Issues and Challenges. Kathmandu: Asian Development Bank/International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.

Carson, B. (1992). The Land, the Farmer and Future – A Land Fertility Management Strategy for Nepal ICIMOD Occasional Paper No. 21. Kathmandu: ICIMOD.

Ghatak Subrata and Ingersent, Ken(1984) Agriculture and Development. New York: Select Book

Mahabub Ul Haq Human Development Centre(2003). Human Development in South Asia 2002. Agriculture and Rural Development. New York:Oxford

Pradhan, Pushkar K. (2002). Spatial Policy Issues in Agriculture Development in the Mountains of Nepal. Case Study on National Policies and Institutions for Sustainable Mountain Development. Kathmandu: The Mountain Forum. www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/liblevels/lib309a.htm.

TPC (Current). Nepal Overseas Trade Statistics. Kathmandu: Trade Promotion Centre.

World Bank(2008). World Development Report. 2008-Agricultural for Development. Washington DC:World Bank

Wyatt-Smith, J. (1982). The Agricultural Systems in the Hills of Nepal: the Ratio of Agriculture to Forestland and the Problem of Animal Fodder. APROSC Occassional Paper. 1. Kathmandu: Agricultural Projects Services Centre.

Wymann, S. (1991). "Land Use Intensification and Land Fertility in Agricultural Land: A Case Study in the Dhulikhel Khola Watershed". In: P.B. Shah. H. Schreier, S. Brown and K.W. Riley (eds.). Land Fertility and Erosion Issues in the Middle Mountains of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD and UBC. pp 253-259.

Cooperative and Rural Development (CRD)

RD 539-2 (A) FM : 50

Teaching Hours (TH) : 75

Course Objectives

After the completion of the course, the students will be able to know the importance and role of cooperatives in rural development and will be able to encourage the rural people for their active participation in cooperative movements for rural development.

Course Units TH

1. Introduction to Co-operative 15

    1. Meaning, concept, features and importance of co-operatives
    2. Theoretical background of co-operatives
    3. Objectives and fundamental elements of co-operatives
    4. Need of co-operatives in agro based economy in Nepalese context
    5. Types and functions of co-operative
    6. Difference between co-operatives and other organizations

  • History of Co-operatives Movement in Global Context 10

    1. Co-operatives movement from Rochdale to present time (Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Hermann Delitzth and Frederich Raffeisan)
    2. Co-operatives development practices with references to Israel, Germany, Japan and SAARC countries
  • Co-operatives in Nepal 15
    1. Evolution and Development of Co-operatives in Nepal
    2. Co-operatives Development in different periodic development plans
    3. National Co-operatives Development Board (NCDB)
    4. National Co-operatives Federation (NCF)
    5. National Co-operatives Bank (NCB)
    6. Acts, Rules, Code of Conduct and Directives
  • International Co-operatives Alliance (ICA) 7
    1. Introduction
    2. Objectives, identity and its seven principles
    3. Main conventions of ICA
  • Agriculture and Cooperative Ministry 5
    1. Introduction and Structure
    2. Vision, objectives and functions of co-operatives department
  • Women in Co-operatives in Nepal 8
    1. Status of women in co-operative in Nepal
    2. Role of co-operatives in rural women’s development
    3. Critical evaluation of women in co-operative organization
    4. Critical evaluation of co-operatives in Nepal

7. Issues and challenges of Co-operatives 5

  1. Field Visit to any organization related to co-operatives should be presented in the class 10

References

Agriculture Co-operatives in Japan, National Cooperative Federation Ltd, Nepal

Central Co-operative Training Center (November 2006). Request for proposal (REP) for Study on Status of “Status and Development of Agricultural Co-operatives in the Context of Globalization and WTO”. Kathmandu

Co-operative Act 2048 and Rule 2049

Deepak Pd. Baskota (.......), Co-operative Movement, National Cooperative Federation Ltd, Nepal

FAO ( ), Computerizing Agricultural Co-operatives : A Practical Guide

Hazela, T.N., Priciples, Problems and Practice of Co-operation

ICA (2008). Statistical Information of the Co-operative Movement, Geneva.

Keiko Miyake ( ...... ), Rainbow Over Rochdale, JICA Publication

Keshav Badal, (2065). Co-operative Principles and Uses, Co-operative Helping Group

Krishnaswami, D.R. ( .......), Principles of Co-operation

Masleniker, V. (........), The Co-operative Movement in Asia and Africa

National Co-operative Development Board (1992). The Co-operative Act, 1992 (Unofficial translation), Lalitpur, Nepal.

National Co-operative Federation (........). Sahakari Sandesh A Monthly Publication

National Co-operative Federation (NCF) (2002), Co-operative Message

National Co-operative Development Board (NCDB) (.........) Sahakari Sambad, Annual Issue,

Prabashi, S.C. (.......), Nepalese Co-operative Movement

Sarber, Kate ( 2005), An Introduction to Fair Trade and Cooperative : A Methodology

Shrestha, Mahendra Pd. (2005). “What gives Co-operative a Bad Name? A Nepalese Perspective of Savings and Credit Co-operatives” in Sahakari Sambad. Lalitpur Nepal: National Co-operative Development Board, 2005.

University of Wisconsin ( ), Co-operative: Principles and Practices in Twenty First Century, University of Wisconsin, USA.

Gender and Development (GD)

R.D 539-2 (B) Full Marks : 50

Teaching Hours (TH) : 75

Course Objectives

  1. To provide knowledge about gender and development.
  2. To develop skills to understand and analyses Gender relations in the Nepalese rural society and the process of development.

Course Units TH

Unit 1 : Introduction 20

    1. Concept of Sex and Gender
    2. Femininity and Masculinity
    3. Terminology of Gender: Patriarchy, Feminism (Liberal, Socialist, Marxist, Radical), Gender Equity and Equality, Gender Discrimination, Oppression and Exploitation, Violence, Subordination, Liberation, Emancipation, Gender Budgeting, Gender Auditing.

1.4 Critiques of Gender/ Women/ Feminism

Unit 2 : Gender and Society 10

    1. Social Construction of Gender
    2. Role of Religion on Gender in Rural Areas
    3. Gender Relationship: Cross-Cultural Practices in Rural Areas
    4. Gender Relations in Rural Social Institutions and Organization

Unit 3 : Feminist Movement 10

3.1 Global Feminist Movement

3.1.1 National Commitments on International Conventions on Women

3.2 Feminist Movement in Nepal and Advocacy

Unit 4 : Gender and Development 15

4.1 Gender as a Development Agenda

4.2 WID, WAD and GAD Approaches

4.3 Review of Contemporary Policies, Plan and Programmes of the Government of Nepal

4.4 Gendered Impact of Macro-economic Policy

4.5 Process of Empowerment of Rural Women

4.6 Gender Sensitization and Gender Mainstreaming Programme

4.7 Role of Communication for Development of Rural Women

Unit 5 : Status and Role of Nepalese Women in General and Rural Women in Particular 10

5.1 Status of Nepalese Women

5.1.1 Demographic

5.1.2 Educational

5.1.3 Economic

5.1.4 Political

5.1.5 Socio - cultural

5.2 Role of Women in Economic and Social Development

5.2.1 Agriculture

5.2.2 Cottage Industries

5.2.3 Micro Enterprises

5.2.4 Natural Resources Management

5.3 Analysis and Comparisons of GEI with International Context

Unit 6 : Feminist Methodology 10

6.1 Feminist Critiques of Existing Research Methods

6.2 Feminist Epistemology

6.3 Obstacles to Feminist Methodology

6.4 Ethics of Feminist Research

6.5 Gender Assessments

References

Acharya, M. (1997). Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women. Kathmandu: UNFPA.

Acharya, M. (2000). Labor Market Development and Poverty with Focus on Opportunities for Women in Nepal. In Manandhar, L. & Bhattachan, K. (Eds.), Gender and Democracy in Nepal. Kathmandu: Central Department of Home Science & Women's Studies Program, Tribhuvan University and FES.

Acharya, M. (2003). Efforts at Promotion of Women in Nepal. Kathmandu: Tanka Prasad Acharya Memorial Foundation, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES).

Acharya, M. (2004). Changing Gender Status - Achievements and Challenges, Chapter 18. Population Monographs of Nepal. Kathmandu: HMGN/NPC/CBS and UNFPA

Acharya, Meena, 1981,The Status of Women in Nepal, Vol II, Part 9, Kathmandu: CEDA.

Agrawal, Bina, 1994, A Field of One’s Own; Gender and Land Rights in South Asia, New Delhi, Cambrige University Press.

Batliwala, Srilatha, 1994, The Meaning of Women’s Empowerment: New Concepts for Action, in Sen, Gita et. al. (eds), Population Policies Reconsidered, New York: Harvard Centre for Population and Development Studies and International Women’s Health Coalition, PP. 127-138.

Bhasin, K. (1994). What is Patriarchy?. New Delhi: Kali for Women.

Bhasin, K. (2000). Understanding Gender. New Delhi:Kali for Women.

Bhasin, K., & Khan, N. S. (1991). Some Questions on Feminism.New Delhi: Kali for Women.

Brette, C. B. and C. F. Sargeant (eds.), 1997. Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspective, Textas: Printice Hall.

Chatterji, Jyotsna. 1990, Religious and the Status of Women, New Delhi: Uppal Publication House.

HDS, 1994, Statistical Profile of Nepalese Women: An Update for Policy Analysis, Kathmandu: HDS.

IIDS (1994).Stastitical Profile of Nepalese Women: An Up-date for policy Analysis, Kathmandu: IIDS.

Lorber, Judith and S. A Farrell (eds), 1991, The Social Construction of Gender, New Delhi: Sage Publication.

Lorber, Judith, 1993, Paradoxes of Gender, New Haven: Yale University Presse.

Madoc-Jones, Bery I and J. Coates (eds), 1994, An Introduction to Women’s Studies, Oxford: Blackwell.

Moore. H.L. 1988, Feminism and Anthropology, Cambridge: Polity Press.

Moser Caroline, 1993, Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practices and Training, London: Routledge.

Mosse, Julia Cleves, 1993, Half the World, Half the Change, Oxford: Oxfarm.

NPC, 1998, The Ninth Plan, Kathmandu: National Planning Commission, Nepal.

O’dea, Pauline, Gender Exploitation and Violence: The Market in Women, Girls and Sex in Nepal, A Report for UNICEF, Kathmandu, 1996.

Ortner, Sheny “Is Female to male as Nature is to Culture?” In Orther et.al, (eds.) Women, Culture and Society, Standford University Press.

Parajuli, Pradip, 1997, Sociological Perspective on Rural Development, Kshitiz Publication, Kathmandu.

Rowlands, Jo, 1993, Empowerment Examined in Development in Practice, Vol. 5, No. 2, Oxfam.

Srinivas, M. N., 1993, Village, Caste, Gender and Methodology, Delhi: OUP.

Tinker, I. (Ed). (1990). Persistent Inequalities: Women and World Development. New York: Oxford University Press.

Townesedn, Jane, 1993, Gender Studies: Whose Agenda? In F. S. Schurman (ed.), Beyond the Impasse: New Directions and Development Theory, London: Zed Books.

U.N., 1995, Beijing Platform for Action, New York: United Nations.

UNFPA, 1997, Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women, Kathmandu: United Nations Fund for Population Studies.

Natural Resource Management (NRM)

RD 539-3 Full Mark : 100

Teaching Hours (TH) : 150

Course Objectives

This course aims at enabling students to understand different dimensions of environmental resource management, as well as to impart knowledge to students on natural resources and their management, planning, issues, and policies with special references to rural development in Nepal.

Course Units TH

  1. Concept of Natural Resources Management 10

    1. Meaning - natural resources, environment and ecology
    2. Types (nature, source, use, etc), volume, trend (spatial trend specially in consumption and production) and prediction of natural resources
    3. Environmental crisis, natural resource management and rural development

  3. Environment Responses and Human and Nature Interrelation 10

    1. Biotic communities– morphological, physiological and behavioral responses
    2. Human and nature interactions – determinism, possibilism and interactionalism

  5. Resources Use System 10

    1. Production practices, distribution and density
    2. Management and conservation
    3. Pressure and potential
    4. Patterns of use of natural resources in the world

  7. Environmental Degradation and Its Consequences 25

    1. Theoretical nexus of environmental degradation
    2. Natural hazards and its mitigation measures
    3. Desertification Process and Management
    4. Natural resource conflicts and justice - land, water, forest and pasture
    5. Environmental resources development measures: comparative (niche) advantage analysis and socio-economic and political driving forces
    6. Climate change, its impacts and local adaptations
    7. Food security and its measures (availability, access and utilization)

  9. Environmental Resources Analysis Tools and Techniques 25

    1. Identification of key environmental issues and determination of priority order
    2. PSIR (Pressure-State-Impact-Response) analytical framework
    3. Natural resources – access, control and use
    4. Environmental resources planning (spatial, social and economic dimensions)
    5. Introduction to environmental resource mapping and interpretation
      1. Topographical map
      2. Aerial photo
      3. Geographic Information System (GIS)
      4. Remote Sensing (RS)
      5. Global Positioning System (GPS)
    6. Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and /Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
    7. Social Impact Analysis (SIA)/Resettlement and Rehabilitation

  11. Practices of Natural Resource Management 25

    1. Integrated farming system
    2. Changing paradigms in forest resource management
    3. Integrated watershed management approach
    4. Highland lowland interaction
    5. Wetland management
    6. Protected area, biodiversity conservation and park people conflict management
    7. Indigenous natural resource management practices
    8. Payment for environmental services

  13. Approaches to Natural Resource Management 15

    1. Right based approach
    2. Community based Natural Resource Management
    3. Natural resource based livelihood framework
    4. Common Pool Resource Management (Hardin and then after)
    5. Gender and Natural resource management in Nepal

  15. Measures of Natural Resource Management 20

    1. Land suitability
    2. Land capability
    3. Comprehensive land use planning (maps-based)
    4. Intensification and diversification of agriculture
    5. Carrying capacity measures - land, forest and pasture
    6. Strengthening responding mechanisms to natural resources - human resource development, people’s participation, empowerment of local people and women, marginal area/people’s development

  17. Practical Field Experiences 10

    1. Get acquainted with the local natural resources and their uses, problems and management practices (Excursion with checklist, observation protocol, topographical map to nearby areas, on the expenses of students)
    2. Field report to be submitted by each student (in group)

References:

Allen Michel eds. (1993). Anthropology of Nepal: Peoples Problem and process. Kathmandu: Mandala Publication.

Barrow, C J (2000), Environmental Management: Principle and Practices. London: Routledge

George, H, Stankey, Roger N, Clark, Bernard and Bormann, T (2005), Adaptive Management of Natural Resources: Theory, Concepts, and Management Institutions. USDA.

Bishop, B C (1991), Karnali under Stress: Livelihood Strategies and Seasonal Rhythms in a Changing Nepal Himalaya. Chicago: The University Press.

Brower, Barbara (1990). Sherap of Khumbu: People, Livestock and Landscape. Delhi: Oxford University Press.

Chhetri R. B. and Gurung O. eds. (1999) Anthropology and sociology in Nepal Kathmandu: SASON.

Chhetri, R.B. D.A Gilmour and R.J. Fisher (……..). Evolution of Community Forestry in Nepal: A Review of the Emergence of Paradigm and Practices in Nepal.

D.A Gilmour et al. (……) Understanding the Indigenous/Traditional Systems of Forest/ Resource Management: A Review.

Environmental Protection Council (1993), Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan: Integrated Environment and Development. Kathmandu: National Planning Commission.

Garner E. (……..). Review of Current Plan on Forestry Sector, Forestry Master Plan, Forest Act and Regulation, and Community Forestry Policy and Operational Guidelines; Policy Case Study.

Ives, J D and Messerli, B (1989), Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation. London: Routledge.

Kenddeigh, S C (1980), Ecology: With Special Reference to Animal and Man. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.

Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pradhan, Pushkar K and Pradhan, Bandana (2006), Environment and Natural Resources: Concepts, Methods, Planning and Management. Kathmandu: Quest Publication.

Stevens, S. F. (1993). Claiming the High Grounds: Sherpas, Submsistences and Environmental Change in the Highest Himalaya. Berkeley: University of California Press.

UNEP (1997), Global Environmental Outlook. United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).

UNEP (2001), Nepal: State of the Environment 2001. Bangkok: UNEP.

Thesis (Compulsory)

RD 540 Full Marks 100

Course Objectives

The student will prepare a thesis report with close consultation with assigned supervisor after accepting thesis proposal. The proposal should be in one of the topics related to rural development and priority should be given to primary data for the thesis prepartion. The thesis should be presented to the thesis committee for the final approval.